Particle-beam exposure apparatus and particle-beam therapeutic apparatus

ABSTRACT

A particle-beam exposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus are obtained, in which, by reducing diameter increase, due to scattering in a range shifter, of a charged particle beam, the charged particle beam whose diameter is so narrow that spatially accurate exposure into the target is possible can be supplied, as well as, by placing the range shifter at a position apart from a patient, intimidation caused by a movement noise, etc. can be prevented. A particle-beam exposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus include a range shifter  4  for varying energy of a charged particle beam with a thickness of the range shifter  4  being changed during exposure of the charged particle beam, so that a range of the charged particle beam at a target  5  to be exposed is set to a desired value; and a set of quadrupole magnets  6 , being placed between the range shifter  4  and the target  5 , based on the magnetization amount of the set of quadrupole magnets  6  being controlled corresponding to the charged-particle-beam energy varied by the range shifter  4 , for reducing diameter increase, due to scattering at the range shifter  4 , of the charged particle beam at the target  5.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to particle-beam exposure apparatusesexposing, into targets to be exposed, charged particle beams supplied byparticle accelerators, and to particle-beam therapeutic apparatusesusing the particle-beam exposure apparatuses.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a conventional particle-beam exposure apparatus using a range shifterfor varying a range of a charged particle beam inside a target to beexposed, in order to reduce the variation, due to scattering in therange shifter, of the charged-particle-beam diameter, the range shifterhas been placed close to the target, and a scatter device as beamscatterer as well as a set of quadrupole magnets has also been placed atthe upstream side of the range shifter along the beam travelingdirection (for example, referring to Patent Document 1), or a beamcollimator has been placed (for example, referring to Patent Document2).

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 212,253/2001(Paragraph 0053, FIG. 1).

[Patent Document 2] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 562/2001(Paragraph 0025, FIG. 7).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Because the conventional particle-beam exposure apparatus is configuredas above, the range shifter has had to be placed dose to the target;therefore, in a case of a therapeutic apparatus using the particle-beamexposure apparatus for exposing the particle beam to the head and neckportion of a patient, because of the spatial interference with theshoulder of the patient, the range shifter cannot be drawn to theportion to be exposed, and consequently, a problem has occurred in whichthe charged-particle-beam diameter cannot be narrowed to a needed size.Moreover, because the range shifter whose thickness is needed to bechanged during treatment has been placed dose to the patient, especiallywhen high-speed driving of the range shifter is performed, a problem hasoccurred in which the patient feels intimidated by a movement noise.Furthermore, because the beam diameter at the target is almostdetermined by contribution of scattering in the range shifter and thetarget, the beam diameter cannot be narrowed by the set of quadrupolemagnets or the beam collimator placed at the upstream side of the rangeshifter along the beam traveling direction; consequently, in theconventional apparatus, only controlling towards the direction in whichthe beam diameter is widened has been possible.

An objective of the present invention, which is made to solve the abovedescribed problems, is to obtain a particle-beam exposure apparatus anda particle-beam therapeutic apparatus, in which, by reducing diameterincrease, due to scattering in a range shifter, of a charged particlebeam, the charged particle beam whose diameter is so narrow thatspatially accurate exposure into the target is possible can be supplied,as well as, by placing the range shifter at a position apart from apatient, intimidation caused by a movement noise, etc. can be prevented.

A particle-beam exposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeuticapparatus include a range shifter for varying energy of a chargedparticle beam with a thickness of the range shifter being changed duringexposure of the charged particle beam, so that a range of the chargedparticle beam at a target to be exposed is set to a desired value; and aset of quadrupole magnets, being placed between the range shifter andthe target, based on the magnetization amount of the set of quadrupolemagnets being controlled corresponding to the charged-particle-beamenergy varied by the range shifter, for reducing diameter increase, dueto scattering at the range shifter, of the charged particle beam at thetarget.

According to this method, the beam diameter at the target can be set toa smaller value than that in the conventional method, and spatiallyaccurate exposure into the target can be realized; moreover, the rangeshifter can be placed at a position apart from the target.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic layout of units representing a particle-beamexposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus accordingto Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is another schematic layout of units representing theparticle-beam exposure apparatus and the particle-beam therapeuticapparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic layout of units representing a particle-beamexposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus accordingto Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic layout of units representing a particle-beamexposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus accordingto Embodiment 3 of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic layout of units representing a particle-beamexposure apparatus and a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus accordingto Embodiment 4 of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1

Hereinafter, a particle-beam exposure apparatus, and a particle-beamtherapeutic apparatus composed of this particle-beam exposure apparatus,a particle accelerator, and a beam transport system, according toEmbodiment 1 of the present invention, are explained based on FIG. 1. InFIG. 1, after a charged particle beam generated in a particleaccelerator 1 is introduced into a particle-beam exposure apparatus 3through a beam transport system 2, first, the charged particle beampasses through a variable-type range shifter 4 for decreasing, bypassing through an acrylic board therein, the energy of the chargedparticle beam. A set of quadrupole magnets 6 for reducing diameterincrease of the charged particle beam due to the variable-type rangeshifter 4 is placed between this variable-type range shifter 4 and atarget 5 to be exposed. Moreover, a fixed-type beam slit 7, whoseaperture diameter is fixed, for limiting increase of the divergenceangle of the charged particle beam is placed between the variable-typerange shifter 4 and the set of quadrupole magnets 6; and scanningelectromagnets 8 for changing the beam orbit, a beam dose monitor 9, anda beam position monitor 10 are placed between the set of quadrupolemagnets 6 and the target 5. Furthermore, the thickness of the acrylicboard included in the variable-type range shifter 4, and the magneticfield strength of the scanning electromagnets 8 are controlled by anexposure controller 11.

Next, an operation of the particle-beam exposure apparatus is explained.The charged particle beam introduced to the variable-type range shifter4 from the particle accelerator 1 through the beam transport system 2passes through the acrylic board included in the variable-type rangeshifter 4; thereby, the beam energy is decreased. The variable-typerange shifter 4 is configured, for example, by a plurality of acrylicboards whose thicknesses are differed from each other so that thecombination of these acrylic boards can be changed, or by a wedge-shapedacrylic board so that the position where the charged particle beampasses can be changed; thereby, the thickness of the acrylic boardthrough which the charged particle beam passes can be changed, andconsequently, it can be controlled how much the particle-beam energy isdecreased.

On the other hand, due to the scattering in the variable-type rangeshifter 4, the beam diameter of the charged particle beam is increased.The fixed-type beam slit 7 limits the divergence angle of the chargedparticle beam due to the scattering in the variable-type range shifter4. Because charged particles whose divergence angles are relativelylarge are removed by the fixed-type beam slit 7, radio activation of theunits placed at the downstream side of the fixed-type beam slit 7 alongthe beam traveling direction is prevented.

Moreover, exposure into the target 5 placed along an orientationperpendicular to the beam traveling direction is performed by keepingthe thickness of the variable-type range shifter 4 and the magnetizationamount of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 to be constant, and changingthe charged-particle-beam route using the scanning electromagnets 8.When once the exposure to the orientation perpendicular to the beamtraveling direction has been completed, after the thickness of thevariable-type range shifter 4 and the magnetization of the set ofquadrupole magnets are changed by the exposure controller 11, exposureusing the scanning electromagnets 8 is performed again. By repeatingthis operation, exposure is performed into the target 5 along the beamtraveling direction and along the orientation perpendicular to thisdirection.

The beam dose monitor 9 is used for determining the timing of changingthe charged-particle-beam exposing position on the target 5; meanwhile,the beam position monitor 10 is used for moving the charged particlebeam to the correct position, which is used together with the scanningelectromagnets 8. These operations are similar to those in theconventional technology.

Next, the reducing of the increase of the charged-particle-beam diameterby using the set of quadrupole magnets is explained. As described above,when the charged particle beam passes through the variable-type rangeshifter 4, the beam diameter of the charged particle beam increases.When the charged particle beam passes through the target 5, the beamdiameter also increases similarly; therefore, given that the beamdiameter is so when the variable-type range shifter 4 and the target 5are not placed, the increase of the beam diameter due to thevariable-type range shifter 4 is σ_(RS), and the increase of the beamdiameter due to the target is σ_(τ), the beam diameter σ at the target 5is given by the following equation.σ²=σ₀ ²+σ_(RS) ²+σ_(τ) ²  [Eg. 1.]

Therefore, when the thickness of the acrylic board included in thevariable-type range shifter 4 or the range of the charged particle beamat the target 5 increases, relative contribution of σ₀, which isadjustable using a unit placed at the upstream side of the variable-typerange shifter 4 along the beam traveling direction, to σ decreases;therefore, the beam diameter at the target 5 cannot be decreased usingthe unit placed at the upstream side of the variable-type range shifter4.

Because when a device for focusing the charged particle beam is notprovided between the variable-type range shifter 4 and the target 5, thebeam diameter at the target 5 increases in proportional to the productof the distance from the variable-type range shifter 4 to the target 5and the divergence angle due to the scattering in the variable-typerange shifter 4, in order to reduce the increase of σ, it is unavoidableto draw the variable-type range shifter 4 close to the target 5;therefore, when the apparatus is applied to a therapeutic apparatus, aproblem occurs, for example, in which a patient feels intimidated by amovement noise from the variable-type range shifter 4.

Therefore, by using the set of quadrupole magnets 6 placed between thevariable-type range shifter 4 and the target 5, σ_(RS) is decreased byfocusing the divergence of the charged particle beam due to thescattering in the variable-type range shifter 4. Although, in thisexample, a quartet set of quadrupole magnets is used as the set ofquadrupole magnets, a triplet set of quadrupole magnets, for example,may be used. Here, using the exposure controller 11, the magnetizationamount of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 is set to a value determinedby the charged-particle-beam energy supplied from the particleaccelerator and the thickness of the variable-type range shifter 4.

By using this method, the beam diameter at the target 5 can be set to asmaller value than that in the conventional method, and spatiallyaccurate exposure to the target can be realized. Moreover, because thevariable-type range shifter 4 can be placed at a position apart from thetarget 5, the problem of the intimidation to the patient by thetherapeutic apparatus does not occur; therefore, by high-speed drivingof the variable-type range shifter 4, the charged-particle-beam energycan be varied high-speedily.

Because scattering effect of the variable-type range shifter 4 can besurely prevented, by setting the maximum thickness of the variable-typerange shifter 4 thicker than that in the conventional method, the energyvariable range of the charged particle beam using the range shifter canbe more extended than that in the conventional method; thereby, thenumber of operations for changing the energy outputted from the particleaccelerator that supplies the charged particle beam can be reduced.

Moreover, as represented in FIG. 2, a ridge filter 12 may beadditionally provided for broadening the Bragg peak, so that the formingof the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) may be enabled to be effectivelyperformed using the variable-type range shifter 4. According to thepresent invention, by using the set of quadrupole magnets 6 placedbetween the variable-type range shifter 4 and the target 5, and byfocusing the divergence of the charged particle beam due to thescattering in the variable-type range shifter 4, as represented in FIG.2, the ridge filter 12 can be placed at the upstream side of thescanning electromagnets 8 along the beam traveling direction. By placingthe ridge filter 12 at the upstream side of the scanning electromagnets8 along the beam traveling direction, it can be configured in such a waythat the charged particle beam passes through a predetermined area ofthe ridge filter; therefore, deterioration of the Bragg-peak uniformitybased on the ridge structure can be prevented.

Furthermore, by using the set of quadrupole magnets 6 placed between thevariable-type range shifter 4 and the target 5, and by focusing thedivergence of the charged particle beam due to the scattering in thevariable-type range shifter 4, the increase of the charged-particle-beamdiameter in the variable-type range shifter 4 can be reduced; thereby,an allowable value in response to the increase of thecharged-particle-beam diameter due to the scattering in the ridge filter12 becomes larger than that in the conventional apparatus, and the rangewhere the ridge height of the ridge filter 12 is selected extends.

Embodiment 2

If the acrylic board is not inserted into the variable-type rangeshifter 4, the divergence at the variable-type range shifter 4 isprevented; however, thus, when the varying of the divergence angle atthe variable-type range shifter 4 is widened, the beam-diameter controlbecomes complicated. In a particle-beam exposure apparatus and aparticle-beam therapeutic apparatus according to Embodiment 2, asrepresented in FIG. 3, by providing a thin beam scatterer 13 composedof, for example, a tungsten or a lead thin film, even when the acrylicboard is not inserted into the variable-type range shifter 4, thedivergence angle of the charged particle beam being incident onto theset of quadrupole magnets 6 is made to be widened; thereby, the varyingratio of the divergence angle due to varying of the thickness of theacrylic board included in the variable-type range filter 4 is made to berelatively small. By providing the beam scatterer 13, it is preventedthat the magnetization amount of the set of quadrupole magnetssignificantly varies depending on the thickness of the variable-typerange shifter 4; thus, the exposing control can be easily performed.

Embodiment 3

In Embodiment 1, in order to decrease the charged-particle-beam energy,the case in which only the variable-type range shifter 4 provided at theupstream side apart from the target 5 along the beam traveling directionis used has been explained; however, as represented in FIG. 4, byproviding a fixed-type range shifter 14 close to the target 5, thecharged-particle-beam energy being incident onto the target 5 can alsobe decreased at the downstream side of the set of quadrupole magnets 6along the beam traveling direction. When the charged-particle-beamenergy is decreased using the variable-type range shifter 4 into a valuewhere the beam is stopped at the surface proximity of the target 5,because the momentum width of the charged particle beam passing throughthe variable-type range shifter 4 significantly increases, the beamfocusability of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 decreases due to theeffect of the chromatic aberration; accordingly, thecharged-particle-beam diameter at the target 5 cannot be narrowed.

Therefore, varying width of the charged-particle-beam energy isregulated by the variable-type range shifter 4 placed at the upstreamside of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 along the beam travelingdirection, where the regulating width is set at a range in whichaffection that the beam focusability by the set of quadrupole magnets 6is decreased due to the chromatic aberration does not occur, and, on theother hand, the charged-particle-beam energy is also decreased to apredetermined value by the fixed-type range shifter 14 placed at thedownstream side of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 along the beamtraveling direction. Here, because the varying width of the decrease ofthe charged-particle-beam energy is regulated by the variable-type rangeshifter 4 during an exposure unit, regarding the fixed-type rangeshifter 14, the thickness is needless to be changed during the exposure.Regarding different exposure units, when the decreasing widths of thecharged-particle-beam energy are significantly differed from each other,the thickness of the fixed-type range shifter 14 becomes necessary to bechanged.

According to the configuration in which, in addition to thevariable-type range shifter 4 placed at the upstream side of the set ofquadrupole magnets 6 along the beam traveling direction, the fixed-typerange shifter 14 is placed close to the target 5 that is placed at thedownstream side of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 along the beamtraveling direction, the momentum width of the charged particle beambeing incident onto the set of quadrupole magnets 6 is limited, and theproblem of the chromatic aberration is prevented; thereby, the chargedparticle beam having relatively narrow beam diameter can be exposed fromthe inside to the surface proximity of the target 5.

Embodiment 4

By providing a beam slit for reducing the charged-particle-beamemittance instead of providing the fixed-type range shifter 14 at thedownstream side of the set of quadrupole magnets 6 along the beamtraveling direction as described in Embodiment 3, the problem can alsobe solved in which the charged-particle-beam diameter increases due tothe chromatic aberration at the set of quadrupole magnets 6. FIG. 5 is aview illustrating a configuration of a particle-beam exposure apparatusand a particle-beam therapeutic apparatus according to this Embodiment4, in which, in response to the configuration represented in FIG. 1, avariable-type beam slit 15 whose aperture diameter is variable isadditionally provided at the upstream side of the set of quadrupolemagnets 6 along the beam traveling direction, so that the increase ofthe charged-particle-beam divergence angle due to the scattering in thevariable-type range shifter 4 is controlled. The aperture diameter ofthe variable-type beam slit 15 is controlled by the exposure controller11 depending on the thickness of the variable-type range shifter 4.

When the charged-particle-beam energy is decreased using thevariable-type range shifter 4 into a value where the beam is stopped atthe surface proximity of the target 5, the charged-particle-beamemittance is reduced by the variable-type beam slit 15, so that theincrease of the charged-particle-beam diameter due to the chromaticaberration at the set of quadrupole magnets 6 is cancelled out. Becausethe fixed-type range shifter 14 described in Embodiment 3 becomesunnecessary by using the variable-type beam slit 15, intimidation that apatient feels can be further reduced in the therapeutic apparatus.

Here, the number of the charged particles reaching the target 5decreases by the variable-type beam slit 15; however, because, only whenthe charged particle beam exposes the surface proximity of the target 5where the number of the exposing particles required is relatively small,a part of the charged particle beam is removed by the variable-type beamslit 15, it is not a problem that the number of the charged particlesdecreases.

1. A particle-beam exposure apparatus comprising: a variable-type rangeshifter for decreasing energy of a charged particle beam during exposureof the charged particle beam, so that a range of the charged particlebeam at a target to be exposed is set to a desired value; and aquadrupole magnet, being placed between the variable-type range shifterand the target, based on the magnetization amount of the quadrupolemagnet being controlled corresponding to the charged-particle-beamenergy decreased by the variable-type range shifter, for reducingdiameter increase, due to scattering at the variable-type range shifter,of the charged particle beam at the target.
 2. A particle-beam exposureapparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising: scanningelectromagnets, being placed between the quadrupole magnet and thetarget, for deflecting the charged particle beam in order to vary anexposing position on the target along an orientation perpendicular tothe beam traveling direction of the charged particle beam.
 3. Aparticle-beam exposure apparatus as recited in claim 2 furthercomprising: a ridge filter, being placed between the variable-type rangeshifter and the scanning electromagnets, for broadening the Bragg peak.4. A particle-beam exposure apparatus as recited in claim 1 furthercomprising: a beam scatterer, being placed at the upstream side of thevariable-type range shifter along the beam traveling direction, forincreasing the divergence angle of the charged particle beam.
 5. Aparticle-beam exposure apparatus as recited in claim 1 furthercomprising: a fixed-type range shifter, being placed between thequadrupole magnet and the target, for further decreasing thecharged-particle-beam energy.
 6. A particle-beam exposure apparatus asrecited in claim 1 further comprising: a variable-type beam slit, beingplaced between the variable-type range shifter and the quadrupolemagnet, based on varying of the aperture diameter of the variable-typebeam slit corresponding to the charged-particle-beam energy varied bythe variable-type range shifter, for limiting the beam diameter of thecharged particle beam.
 7. A particle-beam therapeutic apparatuscomprising: a particle accelerator for generating a charged particlebeam; a particle-beam exposure apparatus, the particle-beam exposureapparatus including: a variable-type range shifter for decreasing energyof the charged particle beam during exposure of the charged particlebeam, so that a range of the charged particle beam at a target to beexposed is set to a desired value, and a quadrupole magnet, being placedbetween the variable-type range shifter and the target, based on themagnetization amount of the quadrupole magnet being controlledcorresponding to the charged-particle-beam energy decreased by thevariable-type range shifter, for reducing diameter increase, due toscattering at the variable-type range shifter, of the charged particlebeam at the target; and a beam transport system for transporting thecharged particle beam into the particle-beam apparatus.
 8. Aparticle-beam therapeutic apparatus as recited in claim 7, theparticle-beam exposure apparatus further comprising: scanningelectromagnets, being placed between the quadrupole magnet and thetarget, for deflecting the charged particle beam in order to vary anexposing position on the target along an orientation perpendicular tothe beam traveling direction of the charged particle beam.
 9. Aparticle-beam therapeutic apparatus as recited in claim 8, theparticle-beam exposure apparatus further comprising: a ridge filter,being placed between the variable-type range shifter and the scanningelectromagnets, for broadening the Bragg peak.
 10. A particle-beamtherapeutic apparatus as recited in claim 7, the particle-beam exposureapparatus further comprising: a beam scatterer, being placed at theupstream side of the variable-type range shifter along the beamtraveling direction, for increasing the divergence angle of the chargedparticle beam.
 11. A particle-beam therapeutic apparatus as recited inclaim 7, the particle-beam exposure apparatus further comprising: afixed-type range shifter, being placed between the quadrupole magnet andthe target, for further decreasing the charged-particle-beam energy. 12.A particle-beam therapeutic apparatus as recited in claim 7, theparticle-beam exposure apparatus further comprising: a variable-typebeam slit, being placed between the variable-type range shifter and thequadrupole magnet, based on varying of the aperture diameter of thevariable-type beam slit corresponding to the charged-particle-beamenergy varied by the variable-type range shifter, for limiting the beamdiameter of the charged particle beam.